Immuno-oncology focuses on understanding and developing therapies that harness the body’s immune system to recognize and eliminate cancer. Advances in this field have led to immunotherapeutics that have transformed cancer treatment. The immune system’s ability to mount such responses is governed by fundamental genetic programs and the cellular mechanisms they drive. In recent years, NGS technologies have been widely applied to investigate how tumours adapt to evade immune surveillance and to identify the molecular factors that influence responses to immunotherapy.